Anti-ovarian antibodies (AOA) are autoantibodies that target antigen is located in ovarian granulosa cells, oocytes, luteal cells and interstitial cells. Autoimmune ovarian inflammation is one of the important causes of autoimmune infertility, premature ovarian failure and other diseases. It is a re...

The anti-fertility effect of anti-endometrium antibody (AEA) has been demonstrated in studies of endometriosis. The causes of most patients with infertility are difficult to explain with pelvic anatomy changes and endocrine abnormalities. Anti-endometrial antibodies are also common in other gynecolo...

Anti-sperm antibody (ASA) is a complicated pathological product, both men and women may suffer, the exact cause is not yet fully understood. Male sperm and seminal plasma are specific antigens to women, once the body contacts with the blood, both men and women can cause immune response and produce a...

Antigen systems that can be recognized by the maternal body on the syncytiotrophoblast serosa affect the immune balance between pregnant women and the fetus. Studies have shown that the level of anti-trophoblast antibody in pregnant women with unexplained abortion is significantly higher than that i...

Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) are common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases. The positive rate of ACA is no significant difference between men and women. The common causes of ACA are autoimmune diseases, viral infections, oral certain drugs and a small number of n...

The zona pellucida antigen can induce allogeneic or heterologous immune response, resulting in anti-zona pellucida antibody, this antibody can prevent sperm through the zona pellucida and combine with egg, which interfere with the implantation, in addition to causing infertility, the deposition of a...

Anti-human chorionic gonadotropin antibodies are pregnancy-specific hormones secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast layer, its main function is to maintain pregnancy lutein. Besides, HCG also prevents fetal trophoblast cells from being recognized and rejected by the antibodies and immunologically activ...